12V DC Heating Elements

 This is a follow up on a previous post concerning survival level applications for PV and battery packs. The idea here is to find the lowest price to give people warmth and light using minimal circuitry.

I won't go into the weird sauce of how I connected my battery. But the big idea there is that I'm not using any inverters for me DC heaters. Inverters and even voltage regulators introduce inefficiencies and we want people to get as much bang for the buck as possible.

First of all, here is a picture of the heating elements for under 20 bucks on Amazon:

Second, these elements get very hot... like over 140 degrees F... enough to make food safe to eat.

With that out of the way, the logic of the system is this:

1. A 400 Watt solar array charges a .25 kWh battery pack in less than an hour in full sun (using a BMS circuit to step the voltage down)

2. The 12V 100W heating elements will then drain the battery overnight providing more than enough heat for a single person (not enough to heat a 12' x 12' room) for about 2.5 hours

So following this logic we could say 4, .25 kWh battery packs would be more than enough so that one person could sleep comfortably all night and even into the day (8 to 10 hours).

Let's talk money. The battery pack costs $35 for .25 kWh of energy. The heating elements cost $20. The solar panels cost roughly $250. So all in, this system cost me $310. If we wanted it to last all night, we're looking at more like $350.

So for $350 a person could sleep comfortably overnight every night for 5 years. Then it's just the cost of replacing the battery pack after that (maybe $40), for another 5 years of service.

But you may have noticed that the solar panels were only put to work for a single hour... so this person would have 7 more hours of daylight to use the panels for other systems. I'm thinking the heating elements could be plugged in directly to the solar panels during the day to provide daytime heat during colder months. Essentially this person could survive under a canopy in a sleeping bag in Yellowstone National Park all winter long... provided they had food for $350.

400 Watts of PV w/ Grid Inverter

 Something very news-worthy has happened in the past 6 months. There is a glut of PV panels manufactured and now the price has come down as retailers try to shed their inventory. I could at this moment go on the internet and find a 100 Watt PV panel listed for $50. So naturally I sprung for 3 new panels and put them on my roof.

As you scale up your home brew rooftop PV installation, there are problems to look out for. First of all, wires and connectors will get hot. But then the grid inverter itself will get hot. 

One thing to look out for is loose and frayed connectors. If the electrical contact surface area is small and a lot more current is pushed through that contact, it will heat up more than the rest of the wire. So essentially beef up your wires and connectors as you scale up your system.

Let's talk money. So the three new panels were a little over $180 and the first panel was $100. So $300 in and then another $200 for the grid inverter brings us to a total of $500 DIY rooftop solar installation. Now we could talk ROI which is something like 5 years, but that's a bit boring for a normal person's income.

Far more exciting is what doors 400 Watts (in the middle of the day) of electricity opens. Easily, this powers computers and laptops and TVs... but that's a 1st world problem and not very interesting. I've been looking into heated flooring and heated blankets and you can easily find a 100 Watt system like that.

What this means is to heat a room overnight, a 400 Watt system would easily charge a 1 kWh battery pack and that would heat a room for 10 hours overnight and have energy to spare to heat during the day. Presently I am working on a battery pack made from surplus cells costing $50 for a kWh and more to come on that.

Grid Tie Inverter

 The second most useful and readily available piece of equipment for those looking to generate their own electricity, is a grid tie inverter. The first most useful is just to get a couple 100 Watt solar panels.

The grid tie inverter I guess senses the frequency and phase of the AC current in your house or apartment and sends the current to the meter in reverse. Today I watched my meter go backwards after hooking one up.

Now the thing is, it will probably not be enough current to kick you back a check from the energy company. However, it will certainly reduce your electricity bill. Additionally, your account with the energy company would need to be enabled for net metering to be eligible for kick back checks. This usually comes at a monthly subscription cost. 

So up front, until you have 10 x 100 Watt solar panels or more, this piece of equipment can out of the box be used to reduce your electricity bill. The one I purchased was the "SolarEpic" 1300W grid tie inverter.

12V DC Water Pump and Solar

 One of the most visceral applications of solar power is when you watch a solar panel directly power an electric water pump. You can watch when the clouds come over and the flow lessens and then when the sunlight breaks again how it rushes the water with renewed vigor. As fun as it is to watch, let's talk about real world applications and how it might fit into your residential experience.

There are many reasons to pump water. Certainly in the more arid regions of the globe, it helps tremendously. But for the rest of us, it doesn't pay to sit there waiting on the sun to wash dishes or take a shower. Probably the most famous renewable energy application for pumping water is "pumped storage hydro". Again, this isn't on the residential level, but it can be scaled fairly easily.

Most likely, you may have a hydroponic system for growing indoor plants or perhaps an ornamental water fountain in your yard. But let's just take it from the perspective of water pressure and moving water from one elevation to another. 

New York City was famous for this issue as they would have water towers on top of the apartment buildings. This elevation of the water would allow the residents to have the water pressure they needed. In fact they still do use water pressure to move water from reservoirs into the city through underground tunnels.

Using a solar panel that produces ~40W (peak) of power at 12V, I can pump water for about 8-10 hours straight. With that much power I could move about 10 gallons of water every 30 minutes from 0 feet, to 10 feet of elevation. Let's say all that water is shower water. At the end of the day about 16 people could have water pressure for their shower they are going to take that night. And that is just running of 40 Watts of electricity. 

Now the next thing will be, "ok, having water pressure is great, but can it be warm/hot water". So then I have to get a 12V water heater and tell you how that works out and whether 40 Watts of solar panels is enough to provide enough water pressure and heat to take a comfortable shower at the end of the day.

100 Watt Solar Panel (Real Life Experience)

 So I've got a residence now with access to roof space for solar panels. I put my one, 100W solar panel up and ran the wires to my laptop to see how it did.

On a slightly overcast day, a 100W solar panel is not enough to power a ~60W laptop. If the sun was shining directly overhead of the panel, yes, a 100W solar panel would be enough. But this is real life.

Then I hooked up 40 more Watts of solar panel on my roof for a total of 140W of solar panels. That still didn't keep the laptop afloat.

Then however the sun came out, and it wasn't direct sunlight, but it was brighter than before. That was enough to keep the laptop going.

So, what is my real life review? A 100W solar panel is not enough to power a laptop on an overcast day. A 200W panel (or combined panels) would be sufficient. So if you're ever wondering how much solar panel to take with you so you can work on your laptop anywhere (during the day), it will be almost too much for one person to carry (rigid glass enclosed panels).

Energy Currency

 People recently started investing in crypto currency around the world. The idea surrounds very complex tokens that are generated by complex algorithms. These tokens can be transmitted electronically and traced very easily. But what is the true value of something that essentially is a padlock. Not much unless we all agree on it's value.

But philosophy aside, what people started doing was buying high end PCs and higher end gaming graphics cards that could compute the algorithms much more quickly. The problem is the quicker people generated crypto currency, the more electricity these powerful computers consumed. Naturally then it became an optimization curve then to match energy consumption (in the area the computer was running) with crypto currency generated. Obviously it's a worthless endeavor if the costs of production are higher than the market value.

Then people started realizing they could use solar energy and battery banks to generate crypto currency. This brings us to our topic of this post. What if we skipped all the fancy crypto currency talk and removed it from the equation? What we have left is energy consumed and some sort of currency produced. Or what if the energy was the currency and it was just a matter of capturing it?

Now we're getting closer to a currency that really doesn't have a lot of transmission and transportation constraints because everybody has access to the sun and wind and it's just a matter of going to a person that has a surplus and is willing to sell some. And if you are somebody living in the middle of nowhere... chances are you don't consume more energy than you'd be able to produce from the wind and sun and storage.

OK so what is the value of one of these energy currency units you ask? Well maybe you didn't because I haven't set up the argument very well.

Consider that Lithium ion batteries are probably our most efficient way to store energy and the amount of energy that can be stored per weight of material is close to the theoretical limit. With current means of mass production we are just about at 1 kWh of battery capacity for $100. This battery will last let's say 2 years at daily 100% charge cycling. If charging this battery is free each time because of renewable resources, it means the cost of storage is the only expense which for a complete cycle computes to about 14 cents.

So what we could say is that the universal unit of energy currency is the kWh and 1 kWh is worth... let's round down to 10 cents (assuming batteries become a bit cheaper and last a little longer). To put that in perspective that is enough energy to turn 10 gallons of water 40 degrees hotter. Basically a dime would get you a hot shower if you had the water in a bucket.

The only flaw in this model is that unlike 10 cents, you really can't carry a kWh of energy in your pocket (you could carry it in backpack battery perhaps). But even if you could it wouldn't be worth toting it around. But maybe the middle ground is that you could reasonably carry around 100 Watts of solar panels, and if you were stationary and in the sun, it would passively generate a kWh of energy.

So the flaw in the energy currency model assumes a sedentary lifestyle and not nomadic.

Solar Panel Electricity Price Threshold

OK so in the news this week Portugal announced they could build a solar farm for some municipality at a cost of 1.3 cents (USD) per kWh to operate (Reuters). This is a huge nail in the coffin for nuclear and coal and natural gas.

Most of us in the US pay around 5 to 10 cents per kWh depending on the time of day. lot's of moving parts and regulations weigh down most energy companies. But solar is solid state technology (for the most part).

Now there is still the drawback of the land use, but what this suggests here is that as long as the manufacturing process and source materials are abundant and stay at their current cost. solar is beginning to be the lowest costing choice between all of the ways to generate electricity.

This doesn't take into account storage. These panels proposed in Portugal would undoubtedly be part of a larger grid including standard backup generators. However even if the cost of storage was factored it at utility scale it would still come to about 3 or 4 cents per kWh.

Presently I can get a solar array that can produce 4 kWs of electricity for about $5,200. A lithium ion battery pack that is 30 kWhs in capacity will cost about $15000. If I stretch that out across 20 years (life of the battery pack), then it comes to just under 10 cents per kWh. So the benefits of having something grid scale is that everybody shares the cost and the scale is large enough to get the price down to more like 3 cents.

The point is... what are we waiting for? Solar is the easiest way to produce consumer electricity. Now it's also the cheapest. The only think I could think of is the safety of battery storage. but other than that... anybody could run with this business model today.